Python Tutorial

In this article, we are discussing Python Operators. The operator is a symbol that performs a specific operation between two operands, according to one definition. Operators serve as the foundation upon which logic is constructed in a program in a particular programming language. In every programming language, some operators perform several tasks. Same as other languages, Python also has some operators, and these are given below -

Arithmetic operators
Comparison operators
Assignment Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Membership Operators
Identity Operators
Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators used between two operands for a particular operation. There are many arithmetic operators. It includes the exponent (**) operator as well as the + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (divide), % (reminder), and // (floor division) operators.

Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of arithmetic operators.

Operator	Description
+ (Addition)	It is used to add two operands. For example, if a = 10, b = 10 => a+b = 20
- (Subtraction)	It is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand. If the first operand is less than the second operand, the value results negative. For example, if a = 20, b = 5 => a - b = 15
/ (divide)	It returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the second operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a/b = 2.0
* (Multiplication)	It is used to multiply one operand with the other. For example, if a = 20, b = 4 => a * b = 80
% (reminder)	It returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the second operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a%b = 0
** (Exponent)	As it calculates the first operand's power to the second operand, it is an exponent operator.
// (Floor division)	It provides the quotient's floor value, which is obtained by dividing the two operands.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of arithmetic operators in Python. The code is given below -

a = 32    # Initialize the value of a
b = 6      # Initialize the value of b
print('Addition of two numbers:',a+b)
print('Subtraction of two numbers:',a-b)
print('Multiplication of two numbers:',a*b)
print('Division of two numbers:',a/b)
print('Reminder of two numbers:',a%b)
print('Exponent of two numbers:',a**b)
print('Floor division of two numbers:',a//b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it. Then the output is given below -

Addition of two numbers: 38
Subtraction of two numbers: 26
Multiplication of two numbers: 192
Division of two numbers: 5.333333333333333
Reminder of two numbers: 2
Exponent of two numbers: 1073741824
Floor division of two numbers: 5

Comparison operator

Comparison operators mainly use for comparison purposes. Comparison operators compare the values of the two operands and return a true or false Boolean value in accordance. The example of comparison operators are ==, !=, <=, >=, >, <. In the below table, we explain the works of the operators.

Operator	Description
==	If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes true.
!=	If the value of two operands is not equal, then the condition becomes true.
<=	The condition is met if the first operand is smaller than or equal to the second operand.
>=	The condition is met if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand.
>	If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the condition becomes true.
<	If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the condition becomes true.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Comparison operators in Python. The code is given below -

a = 32		# Initialize the value of a
b = 6		# Initialize the value of b
print('Two numbers are equal or not:',a==b)
print('Two numbers are not equal or not:',a!=b)
print('a is less than or equal to b:',a<=b)
print('a is greater than or equal to b:',a>=b)
print('a is greater b:',a>b)
print('a is less than b:',a<b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it. Then the output is given below -

Two numbers are equal or not: False
Two numbers are not equal or not: True
a is less than or equal to b: False
a is greater than or equal to b: True
a is greater b: True
a is less than b: False

Assignment Operators

Using the assignment operators, the right expression's value is assigned to the left operand. There are some examples of assignment operators like =, +=, -=, *=, %=, **=, //=. In the below table, we explain the works of the operators.

Operator	Description
=	It assigns the value of the right expression to the left operand.
+=	By multiplying the value of the right operand by the value of the left operand, the left operand receives a changed value. For example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a+ = b will be equal to a = a+ b and therefore, a = 30.
-=	It decreases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a- = b will be equal to a = a- b and therefore, a = 10.
*=	It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the modified value back to then the left operand. For example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a* = b will be equal to a = a* b and therefore, a = 200.
%=	It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the reminder back to the left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a % = b will be equal to a = a % b and therefore, a = 0.
**=	a=b will be equal to a=ab, for example, if a = 4, b =2, a=b will assign 42 = 16 to a.
//=	A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3, a//=b will assign 4//3 = 1 to a.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Assignment operators in Python. The code is given below -

a = 32	       # Initialize the value of a
b = 6	       # Initialize the value of b
print('a=b:', a==b)
print('a+=b:', a+b)
print('a-=b:', a-b)
print('a*=b:', a*b)
print('a%=b:', a%b)
print('a**=b:', a**b)
print('a//=b:', a//b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it. Then the output is given below -

a=b: False
a+=b: 38
a-=b: 26
a*=b: 192
a%=b: 2
a**=b: 1073741824
a//=b: 5

Bitwise Operators

The two operands' values are processed bit by bit by the bitwise operators. The examples of Bitwise operators are bitwise OR (|), bitwise AND (&), bitwise XOR (^), negation (~), Left shift (<<), and Right shift (>>). Consider the case below.

For example,

if a = 7     
   b = 6       
then, binary (a) = 0111      
    binary (b) = 0110      
      
hence, a & b = 0011      
      a | b = 0111      
             a ^ b = 0100      
       ~ a = 1000    
Let, Binary of x = 0101
	  Binary of y = 1000
Bitwise OR = 1101
8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13

Bitwise AND = 0000
0000 = 0

Bitwise XOR = 1101
8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13
Negation of x = ~x = (-x) - 1 = (-5) - 1 = -6
~x = -6

In the below table, we are explaining the works of the bitwise operators.

Operator	Description
& (binary and)	A 1 is copied to the result if both bits in two operands at the same location are 1. If not, 0 is copied.
\| (binary or)	The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero; otherwise, the resulting bit will be 1.
^ (binary xor)	If the two bits are different, the outcome bit will be 1, else it will be 0.
~ (negation)	The operand's bits are calculated as their negations, so if one bit is 0, the next bit will be 1, and vice versa.
<< (left shift)	The number of bits in the right operand is multiplied by the leftward shift of the value of the left operand.
>> (right shift)	The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the right operand.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Bitwise operators in Python. The code is given below -

a = 5	       # initialize the value of a
b = 6	       # initialize the value of b
print('a&b:', a&b)
print('a|b:', a|b)
print('a^b:', a^b)
print('~a:', ~a)
print('a<<b:', a<<b)
print('a>>b:', a>>b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it. Then the output is given below -

a&b: 4
a|b: 7
a^b: 3
~a: -6
a<>b: 0

Logical Operators

The assessment of expressions to make decisions typically uses logical operators. The examples of logical operators are and, or, and not. In the case of logical AND, if the first one is 0, it does not depend upon the second one. In the case of logical OR, if the first one is 1, it does not depend on the second one. Python supports the following logical operators. In the below table, we explain the works of the logical operators.

Operator	Description
and	The condition will also be true if the expression is true. If the two expressions a and b are the same, then a and b must both be true.
or	The condition will be true if one of the phrases is true. If a and b are the two expressions, then an or b must be true if and is true and b is false.
not	If an expression a is true, then not (a) will be false and vice versa.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of arithmetic operators in Python. The code is given below -

a = 5	       # initialize the value of a	      
print(Is this statement true?:',a > 3 and a < 5)
print('Any one statement is true?:',a > 3 or a < 5)
print('Each statement is true then return False and vice-versa:',(not(a > 3 and a < 5)))

Output:

Now we give code examples of Bitwise operators in Python. The code is given below -

Is this statement true?: False
Any one statement is true?: True
Each statement is true then return False and vice-versa: True

Membership Operators

The membership of a value inside a Python data structure can be verified using Python membership operators. The result is true if the value is in the data structure; otherwise, it returns false.

Operator	Description
in	If the first operand cannot be found in the second operand, it is evaluated to be true (list, tuple, or dictionary).
not in	If the first operand is not present in the second operand, the evaluation is true (list, tuple, or dictionary).

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Membership operators in Python. The code is given below -

x = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
print(' Is value Present?', "Rose" in x)
print(' Is value not Present?', "Riya" not in x)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it. Then the output is given below -

Is value Present? True
Is value not Present? True

Identity Operators

Operator	Description
is	If the references on both sides point to the same object, it is determined to be true.
is not	If the references on both sides do not point at the same object, it is determined to be true.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Identity operators in Python. The code is given below -

a = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
b = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
c = a
print(a is c)
print(a is not c)
print(a is b)
print(a is not b)
print(a == b)
print(a != b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in python, and after successful compilation, we run it. Then the output is given below -

True
False
False
True
True
False

Operator Precedence

The order in which the operators are examined is crucial to understand since it tells us which operator needs to be considered first. Below is a list of the Python operators' precedence tables.

Operator	Description
**	Overall other operators employed in the expression, the exponent operator is given precedence.
~ + -	the minus, unary plus, and negation.
* / % //	the division of the floor, the modules, the division, and the multiplication.
+ -	Binary plus, and minus
>> <<	Left shift. and right shift
&	Binary and.
^ \|	Binary xor, and or
<= < > >=	Comparison operators (less than, less than equal to, greater than, greater then equal to).
<> == !=	Equality operators.
= %= /= //= -= += = *=	Assignment operators
is is not	Identity operators
in not in	Membership operators
not or and	Logical operators

Conclusion:

So, in this article, we are discussing all the Python Operators. We briefly discuss how they work and share the program code using each operator in Python.

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